This reporting guide is designed for journalists who are covering the global epidemic for the first time and for those who have covered it previously. The Kaiser Family Foundation undertook this project as part of its continuing commitment to supporting good journalism and to combating HIV/AIDS through public education and awareness.
The material in this updated edition covers a broad range of subjects including the unique challenges of reporting on HIV/AIDS, treatment and prevention strategies, key figures in the struggle against HIV/AIDS and global efforts to finance the campaign against HIV/AIDS. The epidemic is not only a battle against a virus. It can also be a battle about ideas, cultural taboos, stigma and discrimination. For that reason, we have included information about the political and social aspects of the epidemic and provide journalists with guidance about navigating these issues effectively. Additionally, there is information about malaria and tuberculosis.
Much of this material has been written by experts on HIV/AIDS and communications on the staff of the Kaiser Family Foundation. Some elements have been provided by outside organizations and we are grateful to them. KFF, along with the assistance of local reporters, also has produced several country-specific and region-specific manuals.
The general reporting manual, which is frequently updated online, should be viewed as a reference guide. More in-depth sources of information on HIV/AIDS can be found in Kaiser's HIV/AIDS section, GlobalHealthReporting.org, and GlobalHealthFacts.org. Kaiser also offers animated material designed for television.
Kaiser has always believed that journalists have a significant role to play in informing the public and public policy officials. We hope this reporting guide will contribute to that process.
We are working with journalists around the world with greater frequency. As a result, we are developing manuals adapted to address the issues most relevant to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in each region and most relevant for journalists reporting in each region. These region-specific manuals are translated into many different languages and may include content that is different from the Kaiser Family Foundation's original content.
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide -- English Language
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide -- French Language
REGION-SPECIFIC GUIDES:
India
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide for India -- English Language
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide for India -- Hindi Language
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide for India -- Marathi Language
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide for India -- Tamil Language
Russia
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide for Russia -- Russian Language
Ukraine
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide for Ukraine -- Ukrainian Language
Latin American and the Caribbean
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide for Latin America and the Caribbean -- Spanish Language
HIV/AIDS Reporting Guide for Latin America and the Caribbean -- Portuguese Language
Information provided by the Media Fellowships and Internship Program and the HIV Policy Program
Publish Date: 2005-12-09
Saturday, November 8, 2008
HIV/AIDS information in Hindi Language
एचआईवी/एड्स की विश्वव्यापी महामारी के शुरू होने के 25 सालों में विश्व भर में लगभग 6.5 करोड़ व्यक्तियों तक इसका संक्रमण हो चुका है, जिनमें वे 2.5 करोड़ लोग भी शामिल हैं जिनकी मृत्यु इस बीमारी से हो चुकी है। यदि एचआईवी/एड्स महामारी को रोकने के लिए अधिक प्रयास नहीं किए गए तो वह मानव इतिहास की सबसे बड़ी त्रासदी साबित होने की राह पर है। इस दशक के अंत तक करोड़ों और लोग इसकी चपेट में आ जाएंगे। एचआईवी/एड्स महामारी विश्व भर के देशों के सामने एक राजनीतिक, आर्थिक, सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य संबंधी, सामाजिक और वैज्ञानिक चुनौती बन कर खड़ी है।
महामारी की स्थितिअनुमान लगाया गया है कि वर्ष 2006 के अंत तक विश्व भर में 3.95 करोड़ लोग एचआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रहे हैं। वर्ष 2006 में 43 लाख लोगों में एचआईवी फैल गया और लगभग 30 लाख लोगों की मृत्यु एड्स से जुड़े कारणों से हुई। एचआईवी/एड्स से पीड़ित व्यक्तियों में एक बड़ा भाग महिलाएं हैं और उनका अनुपात कुल रोगियों के लगभग आधे (48 प्रतिशत) के बराबर है। विश्व भर में नए एचआईवी-पोजिटिव व्यक्तियों में 25 वर्ष से कम उम्र के युवा जनों की तादाद रोगियों की कुल संख्या के लगभग आधे के बराबर है।
यूएनएड्स के अनुसार विश्व भर में कोई एक एड्स महामारी नहीं है। बल्कि कई क्षेत्रों और देशों में विविध महामारियां सक्रिय हैं, जिनमें से कुछ अपनी प्रारंभिक अवस्था में हैं। एचआईवी/एड्स की व्यापता के आधार पर उप-सहारा अफ्रीका सर्वाधिक प्रभावित है। उसके बाद कैरीबियन का नंबर आता है। इस महामारी की अगली लहर पूर्वी यूरोप और एशिया में उठने को लेकर चिंताएं भी बढ़ रही हैं।
आवश्यक सेवाओं तक पहुंच विश्व भर में अत्यंत कम और समग्र रूप से अनियमित है। यद्यपि ऐंटीरेट्रोवाइरल (एआरवी) उपचार तक पहुंच दिसंबर 2003 की तुलना में अब चार गुना बढ़ी है, फिर भी निम्न एवं मध्यम वित्त देशों में जून 2006 में एआरवी की जरूरत वाले लोगों में से मात्र 24 प्रतिशत को ही यह उपचार उपलब्ध हो रहा है। इसका मतलब यह है कि इन देशों में जिन 68 लाख लोगों को एआरवी की जरूरत है, उनमें से मात्र 16.5 लाख रोगियों को ही इस उपचार का लाभ मिल पा रहा है। निरोधात्मक सेवाओं तक पहुंच भी निम्न स्तर की है। निम्न एवं मध्यम वित्त देशों में हर पांच व्यक्तियों, जिन्हें एचआईवी संक्रमण होने का जोखिम है, उनमें से मात्र एक को ही निरोधात्मक सेवाओं का लाभ मिल पा रहा है।
विश्व भर में निम्न और मध्यम वित्त देशों में एचआईवी/एड्स से लड़ने के लिए वित्तीय संसाधन अधिक मात्रा में उपलब्ध हो रहे हैं, लेकिन अब भी वह पर्याप्त नहीं है। यूएनएड्स ने अनुमान लगाया है कि एचआईवी/एड्स पर हुआ कुल खर्च वर्ष 1996 के 30 करोड़ डालर से बढ़कर 2005 तक 8.3 अरब डालर तक पहुंचा और इसके 2006 में 8.9 अरब डालर और 2007 में 10 अरब डालर होने की संभावना है। लेकिन यह सब आंकड़े महामारी पर लगाम कसने के लिए आवश्यक धनराशि से कहीं कम है। अनुमानतः वर्ष 2006 में ही यह धनराशि 15 अरब डालर आंकी गई थी, और 2008 के लिए 22 अरब डालर। एचआईवी/एड्स के विरुद्ध संघर्ष का एक अहम पहलू वर्तमान प्रयासों को जारी रखना और उन्हें और व्यापक स्वरूप देना है।
स्रोत
यूएनएड्स2006 एड्स एपिडेमिक अपडेट, दिसंबर 2006
यूएनएड्सवैश्विक तथ्य और अंक, तथ्य पत्रक, दिसंबर 2006 (.पीडीएफ)
यूएनएड्स2006 एड्स की विश्वव्यापी महामारी पर एक रिपोर्ट, मई 2006
विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन निम्न और मध्यम वित्त वाले देशों में एचआईवी उपचार तक पहुंच को स्केल अप करने में हुई प्रगति, जून2006 (.पीडीएफ)
क्षेत्रीय/वैश्विक आंकड़े
फंडिंग
महिलाएं, बच्चे, युवा जन और एचआईवी/एड्स
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका के आंकड़े
ऐंटीरेट्रोवाइरल कवरेज
क्षेत्रीय/वैश्विक एचआईवी/एड्स आंकड़े
क्षेत्र
वयस्क (उम्र 15 +) और बच्चे, जो एचआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रहे हैं, 2007 के अंत में
वयस्कों (उम्र 15 +) और बच्चों में एचआईवी के नए संक्रमण, 2007 के अंत में
वयस्कों (उम्र 15-49) में व्याप्तता (%), 2007 के अंत में
वर्ष 2007 में एड्स के कारण वयस्कों (उम्र 15 +) और बच्चों की मौतें
उप-सहारा अफ्रीका
22.0 करोड़
1.9 लाख
5%
1.5 लाख
दक्षिण/दक्षिणपूर्व एशिया
4.2 लाख
330,000
0.3%
340,000
लैटिन अमरीका
1.5 लाख
110,000
0.8%
58,000
पूर्वी एशिया
1.7 लाख
140,000
0.5%
63,000
उत्तरी अमरीका
1.2 लाख
54,000
0.6%
23,000
पूर्वी यूरोप/मध्य एशिया
740,000
52,000
0.1%
40,000
पश्चिमी/मध्य यूरोप
730,000
27,000
0.3%
8,000
कैरीबियन
380,000
40,000
0.3%
27,000
मध्यपूर्व/उत्तरी अफ्रीका
230,000
20,000
1.1%
14,000
ओशनिया
74,000
13,000
0.4%
1,000
विश्व
32.9 करोड़
2.7 लाख
0.8%
2.0 लाख
स्रोत
यूएनएड्स 2008 एड्स एपिडेमिक अपडेट, दिसंबर 2008
महिलाएं, बच्चे, युवा जन और एचआईवी/एड्
क्षेत्र
वयस्कों (उम्र 15 +) के प्रतिशत के रूप में वे महिलाएं जो एचआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रही हैं, 2007 के अंत में
बच्चे (उम्र <15) जो एकआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रहे हैं, 2007 के अंत में
युवतियों (उम्र 15-24) में व्याप्तता (%), 2007 के अंत में
युवकों (उम्र 15-24) में व्याप्तता (%), 2007 के अंत में
उप-सहारा अफ्रीका
59%
1.8लाख
3.2%
1.1%
दक्षिण/दक्षिणपूर्व एशिया
37%
140,000
0.5%
0.3%
लैटिन अमरीका
31%
12,000
0.1%
0.9%
पूर्वी एशिया
32%
4,000
0.2%
0.7%
उत्तरी अमरीका
21%
4,400
0.7%
0.6%
पूर्वी यूरोप/मध्य एशिया
27%
7,800
<0.1%
<0.1%
पश्चिमी/मध्य यूरोप
27%
1,300
<0.2%
0.2%
कैरीबियन
54%
26,000
0.3%
0.1%
मध्यपूर्व/उत्तर अफ्रीका
50%
11,000
0.4%
0.5%
ओशनिया
30%
1,100
0.2%
0.3%
विश्व
50%
2.0 लाख
0.6%
0.4%
स्रोत
यूएनएड्स 2008 एड्स एपिडेमिक अपडेट, दिसंबर 2008
यूएनएड्स कोर स्लाइड्स: एड्स एपिडेमिक अपडेट, दिसंबर 2008 (.पीडीएफ)
ऐंटीरेट्रोवाइरल कवरेज
निम्न एवं मध्यम आयवाले देशों में ऐंटीरेट्रोवाइरल (एआरवी) कवरेज: एआरवी का प्रतिशत (जिन्हें यह आवश्यक है)जून 2007 की स्थिति
उप-सहारा अफ्रीका
30%
लैटिन अमरीका और कैरीबियन
62%
यूरोप और मध्य एशिया
17%
मध्यपूर्व और उत्तर अफ्रीका
7%
पूर्वी, दक्षिण और दक्षिणपूर्व एशिया
25%
कुल*
31%
* विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन द्वारा निर्धारित क्षेत्रों की जानकारी के लिए कृपया देखें, विश्व स्वास्थ संगठन के सदस्य राष्ट्र क्षेत्रानुसार और मृत्यु दर के क्रम में
स्रोत
WHO, Towards Universal Access: Scaling Up Priority HIV/AIDS Interventions in the Health Sector, Progress Report, June 2008
एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए राशि
एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए राशि
निम्न एवं मध्यम आय वाले देशों में एचआईवी/एड्सकी रोकथाम, देखरेख एवं समर्थन में हुआ अनुमानितखर्च, सार्वजनिक और निजी स्रोत, 2007
$10 अरब*(1)
निम्न एवं मध्यम आय वाले देशों में एचआईवी/एड्सकी रोकथाम, देखरेख एवं समर्थन के लिए आवश्यक अनुमानित डालर
$30 अरब 2009 में, $42 अरब 2010 में (1)
आज की तिथि तक एड्स, क्षय रोग और मलेरियासे लड़ने की वैश्विक निधि के पास जमा की गई राशि, जो 2010 तक देय होगी
$20.2 अरब ($10.9 अरब) (2)
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका की सरकार द्वारा एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए (घरेलू एवं वैश्विक)वित्तीय वर्ष 2007 में आबंटित राशि
$23.3 अरब (3)
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका की सरकार द्वारा निम्नएवं मध्यम आय वाले देशों में एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए वित्तीय वर्ष 2007 में आबंटित राशि
$5.8 अरब** (3)
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीकाके राष्ट्रपति द्वारा एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए (घरेलू एवं वैश्विक) वित्तीयवर्ष 2008 में मांगी गई राशि
$24.1 अरब (3)
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका के राष्ट्रपति द्वारा निम्नएवं मध्यम आय वाले देशों में एचआईवी/एड्स केलिए वित्तीय वर्ष 2008 में मांगी गई राशि
$5.9 अरब** (3)
*इसमें शामिल है घरेलू (सरकारी) खर्च, सीधे तौर पर प्रभावित व्यक्तियों और उनके परिवारों द्वारा किए गए अनुमानित आउट-ऑफ-पॉकेट खर्च, द्विपक्षी दानदाताओं, बहुपक्षी अभिकरणों और निजी क्षेत्र से प्राप्त राशि।
**इसमें रोकथाम, देखरेख और अनुसंधान की सम्मिलित राशि और एड्स, क्षय रोग और मलेरिया से लड़ने के लिए स्थापित विश्व निधि का अंशदान भी शामिल है, जिसमें क्षय रोग और मलेरिया के लिए उपलब्ध हुई राशि भी गिनी जाएगी।
स्रोत
विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन निम्न और मध्यम आय वाले वाले देशों में एचआईवीउपचार तक पहुंच को स्केल अप करने में हुई प्रगति, जून 2007 (.पीडीएफ)
(2) एड्स, क्षय रोग और मलेरिया से लड़ने के लिए स्थापित विश्व निधि वचनबद्ध राशियां और अंशदान, नवंबर 2008 तक
(3) काइज़र परिवार प्रतिष्ठान, तथ्य पत्रक: एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए यूएस फेडरल फंडिंग: वित्तीय वर्ष 2007 के लिए बजट मांग, फरवरी 2008
यूएस एचआईवी/एड्स आंकड
यूएस एचआईवी/एड्स आंकड़े
एचआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रहे लोग, यू एस, 2006
1.1 लाख
एचआईवी/एड्स के नए संक्रमण, यू एस
56,300
अमरीका में नए एड्स रोगियों के प्रतिशत के रूपमें अफ्रीकी अमरीकी (और अमरीका की आबादीमें उनका प्रतिशत), 2006
49% (12%)
अमरीका में नए एड्स रोगियों के प्रतिशत के रूप में लैटिनो व्यक्ति (और अमरीका की आबादी मेंउनका प्रतिशत), 2006
19% (15%)
अमरीका में नए एड्स रोगियों के प्रतिशत के रूपमें श्वेत व्यक्ति (और अमरीका की आबादी मेंउनका प्रतिशत), 2006
30% (66%)
स्रोत
काइज़र परिवार प्रतिष्ठान, तथ्य पत्रक: अमरीका में एचआईवी/एड्स एपिडेमिक
रोग नियंत्रण एवं रोकथाम के यू एस केंद्र
यू एस जनगणना ब्यूरो
महामारी की स्थितिअनुमान लगाया गया है कि वर्ष 2006 के अंत तक विश्व भर में 3.95 करोड़ लोग एचआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रहे हैं। वर्ष 2006 में 43 लाख लोगों में एचआईवी फैल गया और लगभग 30 लाख लोगों की मृत्यु एड्स से जुड़े कारणों से हुई। एचआईवी/एड्स से पीड़ित व्यक्तियों में एक बड़ा भाग महिलाएं हैं और उनका अनुपात कुल रोगियों के लगभग आधे (48 प्रतिशत) के बराबर है। विश्व भर में नए एचआईवी-पोजिटिव व्यक्तियों में 25 वर्ष से कम उम्र के युवा जनों की तादाद रोगियों की कुल संख्या के लगभग आधे के बराबर है।
यूएनएड्स के अनुसार विश्व भर में कोई एक एड्स महामारी नहीं है। बल्कि कई क्षेत्रों और देशों में विविध महामारियां सक्रिय हैं, जिनमें से कुछ अपनी प्रारंभिक अवस्था में हैं। एचआईवी/एड्स की व्यापता के आधार पर उप-सहारा अफ्रीका सर्वाधिक प्रभावित है। उसके बाद कैरीबियन का नंबर आता है। इस महामारी की अगली लहर पूर्वी यूरोप और एशिया में उठने को लेकर चिंताएं भी बढ़ रही हैं।
आवश्यक सेवाओं तक पहुंच विश्व भर में अत्यंत कम और समग्र रूप से अनियमित है। यद्यपि ऐंटीरेट्रोवाइरल (एआरवी) उपचार तक पहुंच दिसंबर 2003 की तुलना में अब चार गुना बढ़ी है, फिर भी निम्न एवं मध्यम वित्त देशों में जून 2006 में एआरवी की जरूरत वाले लोगों में से मात्र 24 प्रतिशत को ही यह उपचार उपलब्ध हो रहा है। इसका मतलब यह है कि इन देशों में जिन 68 लाख लोगों को एआरवी की जरूरत है, उनमें से मात्र 16.5 लाख रोगियों को ही इस उपचार का लाभ मिल पा रहा है। निरोधात्मक सेवाओं तक पहुंच भी निम्न स्तर की है। निम्न एवं मध्यम वित्त देशों में हर पांच व्यक्तियों, जिन्हें एचआईवी संक्रमण होने का जोखिम है, उनमें से मात्र एक को ही निरोधात्मक सेवाओं का लाभ मिल पा रहा है।
विश्व भर में निम्न और मध्यम वित्त देशों में एचआईवी/एड्स से लड़ने के लिए वित्तीय संसाधन अधिक मात्रा में उपलब्ध हो रहे हैं, लेकिन अब भी वह पर्याप्त नहीं है। यूएनएड्स ने अनुमान लगाया है कि एचआईवी/एड्स पर हुआ कुल खर्च वर्ष 1996 के 30 करोड़ डालर से बढ़कर 2005 तक 8.3 अरब डालर तक पहुंचा और इसके 2006 में 8.9 अरब डालर और 2007 में 10 अरब डालर होने की संभावना है। लेकिन यह सब आंकड़े महामारी पर लगाम कसने के लिए आवश्यक धनराशि से कहीं कम है। अनुमानतः वर्ष 2006 में ही यह धनराशि 15 अरब डालर आंकी गई थी, और 2008 के लिए 22 अरब डालर। एचआईवी/एड्स के विरुद्ध संघर्ष का एक अहम पहलू वर्तमान प्रयासों को जारी रखना और उन्हें और व्यापक स्वरूप देना है।
स्रोत
यूएनएड्स2006 एड्स एपिडेमिक अपडेट, दिसंबर 2006
यूएनएड्सवैश्विक तथ्य और अंक, तथ्य पत्रक, दिसंबर 2006 (.पीडीएफ)
यूएनएड्स2006 एड्स की विश्वव्यापी महामारी पर एक रिपोर्ट, मई 2006
विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन निम्न और मध्यम वित्त वाले देशों में एचआईवी उपचार तक पहुंच को स्केल अप करने में हुई प्रगति, जून2006 (.पीडीएफ)
क्षेत्रीय/वैश्विक आंकड़े
फंडिंग
महिलाएं, बच्चे, युवा जन और एचआईवी/एड्स
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका के आंकड़े
ऐंटीरेट्रोवाइरल कवरेज
क्षेत्रीय/वैश्विक एचआईवी/एड्स आंकड़े
क्षेत्र
वयस्क (उम्र 15 +) और बच्चे, जो एचआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रहे हैं, 2007 के अंत में
वयस्कों (उम्र 15 +) और बच्चों में एचआईवी के नए संक्रमण, 2007 के अंत में
वयस्कों (उम्र 15-49) में व्याप्तता (%), 2007 के अंत में
वर्ष 2007 में एड्स के कारण वयस्कों (उम्र 15 +) और बच्चों की मौतें
उप-सहारा अफ्रीका
22.0 करोड़
1.9 लाख
5%
1.5 लाख
दक्षिण/दक्षिणपूर्व एशिया
4.2 लाख
330,000
0.3%
340,000
लैटिन अमरीका
1.5 लाख
110,000
0.8%
58,000
पूर्वी एशिया
1.7 लाख
140,000
0.5%
63,000
उत्तरी अमरीका
1.2 लाख
54,000
0.6%
23,000
पूर्वी यूरोप/मध्य एशिया
740,000
52,000
0.1%
40,000
पश्चिमी/मध्य यूरोप
730,000
27,000
0.3%
8,000
कैरीबियन
380,000
40,000
0.3%
27,000
मध्यपूर्व/उत्तरी अफ्रीका
230,000
20,000
1.1%
14,000
ओशनिया
74,000
13,000
0.4%
1,000
विश्व
32.9 करोड़
2.7 लाख
0.8%
2.0 लाख
स्रोत
यूएनएड्स 2008 एड्स एपिडेमिक अपडेट, दिसंबर 2008
महिलाएं, बच्चे, युवा जन और एचआईवी/एड्
क्षेत्र
वयस्कों (उम्र 15 +) के प्रतिशत के रूप में वे महिलाएं जो एचआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रही हैं, 2007 के अंत में
बच्चे (उम्र <15) जो एकआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रहे हैं, 2007 के अंत में
युवतियों (उम्र 15-24) में व्याप्तता (%), 2007 के अंत में
युवकों (उम्र 15-24) में व्याप्तता (%), 2007 के अंत में
उप-सहारा अफ्रीका
59%
1.8लाख
3.2%
1.1%
दक्षिण/दक्षिणपूर्व एशिया
37%
140,000
0.5%
0.3%
लैटिन अमरीका
31%
12,000
0.1%
0.9%
पूर्वी एशिया
32%
4,000
0.2%
0.7%
उत्तरी अमरीका
21%
4,400
0.7%
0.6%
पूर्वी यूरोप/मध्य एशिया
27%
7,800
<0.1%
<0.1%
पश्चिमी/मध्य यूरोप
27%
1,300
<0.2%
0.2%
कैरीबियन
54%
26,000
0.3%
0.1%
मध्यपूर्व/उत्तर अफ्रीका
50%
11,000
0.4%
0.5%
ओशनिया
30%
1,100
0.2%
0.3%
विश्व
50%
2.0 लाख
0.6%
0.4%
स्रोत
यूएनएड्स 2008 एड्स एपिडेमिक अपडेट, दिसंबर 2008
यूएनएड्स कोर स्लाइड्स: एड्स एपिडेमिक अपडेट, दिसंबर 2008 (.पीडीएफ)
ऐंटीरेट्रोवाइरल कवरेज
निम्न एवं मध्यम आयवाले देशों में ऐंटीरेट्रोवाइरल (एआरवी) कवरेज: एआरवी का प्रतिशत (जिन्हें यह आवश्यक है)जून 2007 की स्थिति
उप-सहारा अफ्रीका
30%
लैटिन अमरीका और कैरीबियन
62%
यूरोप और मध्य एशिया
17%
मध्यपूर्व और उत्तर अफ्रीका
7%
पूर्वी, दक्षिण और दक्षिणपूर्व एशिया
25%
कुल*
31%
* विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन द्वारा निर्धारित क्षेत्रों की जानकारी के लिए कृपया देखें, विश्व स्वास्थ संगठन के सदस्य राष्ट्र क्षेत्रानुसार और मृत्यु दर के क्रम में
स्रोत
WHO, Towards Universal Access: Scaling Up Priority HIV/AIDS Interventions in the Health Sector, Progress Report, June 2008
एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए राशि
एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए राशि
निम्न एवं मध्यम आय वाले देशों में एचआईवी/एड्सकी रोकथाम, देखरेख एवं समर्थन में हुआ अनुमानितखर्च, सार्वजनिक और निजी स्रोत, 2007
$10 अरब*(1)
निम्न एवं मध्यम आय वाले देशों में एचआईवी/एड्सकी रोकथाम, देखरेख एवं समर्थन के लिए आवश्यक अनुमानित डालर
$30 अरब 2009 में, $42 अरब 2010 में (1)
आज की तिथि तक एड्स, क्षय रोग और मलेरियासे लड़ने की वैश्विक निधि के पास जमा की गई राशि, जो 2010 तक देय होगी
$20.2 अरब ($10.9 अरब) (2)
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका की सरकार द्वारा एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए (घरेलू एवं वैश्विक)वित्तीय वर्ष 2007 में आबंटित राशि
$23.3 अरब (3)
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका की सरकार द्वारा निम्नएवं मध्यम आय वाले देशों में एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए वित्तीय वर्ष 2007 में आबंटित राशि
$5.8 अरब** (3)
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीकाके राष्ट्रपति द्वारा एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए (घरेलू एवं वैश्विक) वित्तीयवर्ष 2008 में मांगी गई राशि
$24.1 अरब (3)
संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका के राष्ट्रपति द्वारा निम्नएवं मध्यम आय वाले देशों में एचआईवी/एड्स केलिए वित्तीय वर्ष 2008 में मांगी गई राशि
$5.9 अरब** (3)
*इसमें शामिल है घरेलू (सरकारी) खर्च, सीधे तौर पर प्रभावित व्यक्तियों और उनके परिवारों द्वारा किए गए अनुमानित आउट-ऑफ-पॉकेट खर्च, द्विपक्षी दानदाताओं, बहुपक्षी अभिकरणों और निजी क्षेत्र से प्राप्त राशि।
**इसमें रोकथाम, देखरेख और अनुसंधान की सम्मिलित राशि और एड्स, क्षय रोग और मलेरिया से लड़ने के लिए स्थापित विश्व निधि का अंशदान भी शामिल है, जिसमें क्षय रोग और मलेरिया के लिए उपलब्ध हुई राशि भी गिनी जाएगी।
स्रोत
विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन निम्न और मध्यम आय वाले वाले देशों में एचआईवीउपचार तक पहुंच को स्केल अप करने में हुई प्रगति, जून 2007 (.पीडीएफ)
(2) एड्स, क्षय रोग और मलेरिया से लड़ने के लिए स्थापित विश्व निधि वचनबद्ध राशियां और अंशदान, नवंबर 2008 तक
(3) काइज़र परिवार प्रतिष्ठान, तथ्य पत्रक: एचआईवी/एड्स के लिए यूएस फेडरल फंडिंग: वित्तीय वर्ष 2007 के लिए बजट मांग, फरवरी 2008
यूएस एचआईवी/एड्स आंकड
यूएस एचआईवी/एड्स आंकड़े
एचआईवी/एड्स के साथ जी रहे लोग, यू एस, 2006
1.1 लाख
एचआईवी/एड्स के नए संक्रमण, यू एस
56,300
अमरीका में नए एड्स रोगियों के प्रतिशत के रूपमें अफ्रीकी अमरीकी (और अमरीका की आबादीमें उनका प्रतिशत), 2006
49% (12%)
अमरीका में नए एड्स रोगियों के प्रतिशत के रूप में लैटिनो व्यक्ति (और अमरीका की आबादी मेंउनका प्रतिशत), 2006
19% (15%)
अमरीका में नए एड्स रोगियों के प्रतिशत के रूपमें श्वेत व्यक्ति (और अमरीका की आबादी मेंउनका प्रतिशत), 2006
30% (66%)
स्रोत
काइज़र परिवार प्रतिष्ठान, तथ्य पत्रक: अमरीका में एचआईवी/एड्स एपिडेमिक
रोग नियंत्रण एवं रोकथाम के यू एस केंद्र
यू एस जनगणना ब्यूरो
Thursday, October 30, 2008
Dear Journalists,
This inform you all that a limited number of printed copies of Asian AIDS Commission Report: "Redefining AIDS in Asia is available.Some of you have contributed to the e_Consultation on Asian AIDS Commission Report: "Redefining AIDS in Asia – Crafting an effective response", requested for hard copies of the report for your review. The UNAIDS Regional Support Team for Asia and the Pacific has informed that they are willing to mail copies of report to the subscribers of this blog.
The details of the e_Consultation on Asian AIDS Commission Report: "Redefining AIDS in Asia – Crafting an effective response", is available on the following web :data.%20unaids.org/%20pub/Report/%202008/20080326_%20report_commissio%20n_aids_en.%20pdf
If you would like to receive a printed copy of the report Asian AIDS Commission Report: "Redefining AIDS in Asia – Crafting an effective response", please reply to this message with your mailing address.
Jasvinder Sehgal
This inform you all that a limited number of printed copies of Asian AIDS Commission Report: "Redefining AIDS in Asia is available.Some of you have contributed to the e_Consultation on Asian AIDS Commission Report: "Redefining AIDS in Asia – Crafting an effective response", requested for hard copies of the report for your review. The UNAIDS Regional Support Team for Asia and the Pacific has informed that they are willing to mail copies of report to the subscribers of this blog.
The details of the e_Consultation on Asian AIDS Commission Report: "Redefining AIDS in Asia – Crafting an effective response", is available on the following web :data.%20unaids.org/%20pub/Report/%202008/20080326_%20report_commissio%20n_aids_en.%20pdf
If you would like to receive a printed copy of the report Asian AIDS Commission Report: "Redefining AIDS in Asia – Crafting an effective response", please reply to this message with your mailing address.
Jasvinder Sehgal
Guidelines on coverage of HIV/AIDS
AIDS and Indian Media
The Press Council of India under the mandate of Section 13(2)(b) of the Press Council Act, 1978 has built up a set of guidelines to facilitate the functioning of the Media. Of these, the guidelines on coverage of HIV/AIDS related matter was drawn up in the year 1993.
A writ petition no. CMP 52/2008 was filed by National Network of Positive People before Hon’ble Court of Juvenile, Thiruvananthapuram objecting to an incident relating to visual screened by the media of two children Bensy and Benson and the subsequent false reporting of the demise of Bensy, a child with HIV/AIDS. The Hon’ble Court observed that the Press Council of India should give appropriate direction to the Media while reporting HIV/AIDS by them. In pursuance of this matter the Council approached the representatives of UNAIDS and activists in the field to update the guidelines on HIV/AIDS reporting as the matter has undergone sea change since 1993. The core group held two workshops on September 18, 2008 and October 10, 2008 to discuss and debate on the guidelines formulated and proposed that these guidelines should be translated into as many languages as possible for the benefit of the journalists at various levels. These guidelines are equally relevant to print as well as electronic media.
Be Objective, Factual and Sensitive
Journalists must ensure their story is objective, factual and sensitive, more so when they are reporting on HIV and AIDS. They should seek truth and report it in a balanced manner. Journalists should hold all decision makers accountable, from government to the pharmaceutical industry and advocacy groups. They should be engaged with, but not captive to, any interest group.
This means highlighting positive stories where appropriate, without underplaying the fact that HIV and AIDS is a serious issue. Omitting key information because it doesn't fit into the story is a breach of faith. The story must give both sides of the picture. Telling the whole story also means giving it a human face. The voices of people with HIV and AIDS must be heard more strongly and they must include the vulnerable and marginalised people.
The focus should be on facts. Distortion of facts in any manner to make the story salacious and therefore `more saleable’ is unacceptable. Censorship of relevant information too is unethical.
Accuracy is critical since important personal and policy decisions may be influenced by media reports. In the context of HIV and AIDS, this means that journalists need to be very careful about the scientific and medical details as well as statistics. With the combination of drugs and treatment regimens available known as antiretroviral therapy (ART), people infected with HIV can live for many years before showing any signs of illness. ART is a combination of drugs that reduces the amount of HIV in the body (viral load) by interfering with its replication. ART does not completely destroy the virus or cure the disease. With reduced virus in the body, the immune system can become stronger and fight infection more effectively, resulting in decreased morbidity for the patient. ART has been shown to benefit both adults and children living with HIV and AIDS.
Reporting on HIV and AIDS is complex and sorting through the epidemiological data can be challenging. Whether using data to support a story or reporting on the data itself, the specific data chosen and how they are used, will play a large role in determining what kind of story is told. In addition, the data is often so complex that there is a risk of misinterpretation. For example, some reporters may use 'incidence' and prevalence' interchangeably even though they represent two different ways of measuring the epidemic. Experts/ epidemiologists should be consulted.
Ensure accurate language and terminology
When reporting on HIV and AIDS, language is extremely important. Journalists should be particularly careful to get scientific and statistical information right. They must integrate this with correct terminology. For instance, it is essential to know and make clear the difference between HIV and AIDS. Being a syndrome or a collection of symptoms, AIDS cannot itself be transmitted, nor is there an AIDS virus, nor an AIDS carrier. Similarly, a person either does or does not have AIDS. Since there are no degrees of AIDS, the expression ‘full-blown AIDS’ is meaningless.
With effective treatments now available, HIV infection does not necessarily lead to AIDS. It is important to reflect this in reportage. Since HIV is not synonymous with AIDS, ‘HIV/AIDS’ as a term is no longer considered accurate.
With AIDS not being a singular disease but a syndrome defined by a variety of diseases and cancers, a person does not ‘die of AIDS’. It would instead be accurate to report that he or she died of an HIV-related illness.
Terminology used must be appropriate and non-stigmatising. The media must cross check changes in terminology and language. Terms like ‘scourge’ to describe the infection have been discarded. Other terms like AIDS carrier, prostitute, drug addict, AIDS patient/victim/sufferer also lead to stigma and should not be used.
.
Debunk myths related to prevention of HIV and miracle cures
The press should take care not to promote myths related to prevention and transmission of HIV or to claims that advertise protection from the infection. Nor should it give any credence to traditional cures that have no scientific verification. False hopes are raised by reporting claims around cures. Researchers have been working hard for decades yet there is no known cure for HIV or AIDS although the infection is treatable with a positive impact on the quality of life. The media should include telephone numbers of HIV and AIDS helplines/counselling services.
Advertisements related to HIV, STIs, skin diseases, tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections can be potentially misleading and should be carefully checked.
Make Photographs, Illustrations and Cartoons Positive
Visuals have an immediate impact on audiences and are important to highlight stories. But the use of photographs in HIV and AIDS stories raises a lot of ethical issues. Care should be taken to ensure that photographs do not breach the confidentiality or privacy of infected people and their families.
Avoid photos that promote stereotypes related to HIV and AIDS and those that victimize the infected. Care should be taken to ensure that captions to photographs are factually correct and do not increase stigma.
Illustrations and cartoons also should avoid any negative implications
For visual media
The visual media must deal sensitively and ethically with the identities of those who have HIV and AIDS as well as their families and associates. Care must be taken during interviews, off-the-record conversations, while taking photographs and recording their stories so that identity is kept confidential.
Some pointers:
Keep the camera away from focussing directly on the face of person/case study. Instead, shoot hands, feet or back of the head
Shoot in silhouette, keeping the camera behind the subject
Since voice can also be an identifying factor, ask questions softly so that the replies are soft. In most cases, superimposition of subtitles should be used so that the audio does not need to be upped too much.
Do not show pictures of the family. These too can lead to identification of the person
Try to keep the location of the shoot ambiguous. For instance, avoid naming the village
Establish the concerned person’s journey through a third party’s voice whenever possible
An interview should be a one-to-one chat that allows the person to speak. Ensure questions are not deeply personal or accusatory. It should not put the person on the defensive
Hidden cameras should never be used
Try to show people living with HIV in a positive light by portraying them as individuals instead of ‘victims’
Wherever possible, obtain written consent
Even with permission, it may be best not to disclose the infected person’s identity. The repercussions and pressures of being revealed on TV particularly can be terrible, especially for the family. The stigma gets heightened. In many cases permission to shoot openly is given without understanding the power of the visual media.
The person may feel safe appearing on TV in Delhi, away from their community, not realizing the possibility that their family is watching the story in a village/ town far away.
For news desk including sub-editors and newsroom staff
Special attention must be paid by the news desk and newsroom staff to ensure that the eye-catching headlines reflect the issue accurately and that the story is balanced and free of damaging stereotypes.
Uphold Confidentiality and Obtain Informed Consent
Journalists should not disclose the identity of the person infected with HIV unless they have specific permission to do so. Whenever possible, they should get written consent.
If written consent is not possible, informed consent must be obtained. This means ensuring that people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIVs) are aware of the implications of their identification.
The moral and professional responsibility of the story should be that of the journalist. Therefore, the journalist must exercise caution and use his/her judgment on how PLHIVs are to be portrayed. To minimize damaging repercussions it would be best to avoid identification even when written consent is obtained. This can be done by changing names and locations in the story.
Avoid Discrimination
Journalists should avoid references to caste, gender or sexual orientation when reporting HIV and AIDS. Such references entrench existing prejudices against sexual minorities certain communities or groups already targetted, be they men who have sex with men (MSM), injecting drug users (IDUs), sex workers or migrants.
Sexual minorities includes people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT)and covers men, women and all those who do not identify either as men or women (that is, transgender). Among the transgender are hijras. Hijras are essentially biological born males who do not identify as men and prefer to identify as women.
It is important to understand that MSMs may never identify as homosexual. Therefore, the word MSM is used to denote behaviour only. So it is appropriate to say Oscar Wilde was a gay man and not Oscar was gay.
Sexual minorities are sometimes derisively referred to by terms which reinforce stereotypes about the community. Instead, it would be more appropriate to use terms like sexual minorities, gay man or lesbian. It is not necessary to call them that either as long as one does not stigmatise them.
While infomation about modes of transmission are important, instead of making value judgements the reports should try to focus on how the infection affects people, their work, their families and the gaps in policy and implementation of HIV programmes. Focussing needlessly on how a person was infected reinforces an attitude that seeks to blame those with HIV or AIDS for being infected.
Care should be taken to ensure that a particular region’s language, cultural norms and traditional practices are understood and accurately reported.
Ensure Gender Sensitive reporting
The media must guard against gender stereotyping. It must not stigmatize HIV positive women. For instance, portraying sex workers and bar girls as being responsible for spreading the infection is common. Instead, stories should explore how the infection makes women particularly vulnerable to different forms of exploitation. Stories must focus on how it is possible to live a productive and reasonably normal life with HIV, about the inherent strength that enables women to shoulder challenges and about the ethical and legal rights of sex workers.
Stories should also focus on the new technology and medication available for prevention of infection from mother to child and the fact that infected women can have children who may be free of the infection.
An example of gender sensitive reportage is the use of PPTCT (Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission) instead of PMTCT (Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission). This way the report does not hold the mother solely responsible for passing the infection.
Ensure Sensitivity on Child-Related Stories
The identity of children infected and affected by HIV should not be revealed. Nor should their photographs be shown. This include orphans and children living in orphanages, juvenile homes etc.
International and national laws specifically prohibit publication of any information or photograph that may lead to the identification of these children and violate their rights.
In India, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 lays down that no report in any newspaper, magazine or visual media regarding a juvenile in need of care and protection shall disclose the name, address, school or any other particulars that lead to their identification. It also prohibits the publication of any photograph related to the child.
Journalists must also be sensitive to the fact that a child may or may not be aware of her/his HIV status. This fact must be ascertained before the journalist gets into the process of enquiry. This is of prime importance as some questions can be perceived as intrusive or insensitive and can leave a lasting impression on the child.
Keeping that in mind, it is nevertheless important for children to participate in matters that concern them. However, their identities must be protected while sharing their views/stories.
.
The fact that paediatric doses of ART medication are now available must be widely disseminated.
Ensure balanced and responsible coverage
News organisations should take the initiative to lessen the impact of a ‘negative’ story such as suicide due to HIV-related illness by carrying statements from positive people who have faced the challenge successfully or by giving helpline numbers.
Care should be taken that stories on infected individuals are not sensationalized. The stories should avoid falling into the trap of projecting infected persons as either ‘victims’ or ‘culprits’.
When reporting on specific professional groups such as uniformed services, health professionals etc, care should be taken to obtain data from authorised sources. Inaccurate reports will have an adverse impact on their morale and will also increase stigma. Such reports will also create an impression of lack of confidentiality that will hinder voluntary testing.
Ensure regular training on HIV and AIDS for media
Journalists must keep abreast of the changing realities of this fast-evolving infection. News organizations across the country must actively encourage training workshops and modules on the issue. Journalists should also keep themselves updated on court judgements related to the issue.
HIV is no longer just a health issue. Instead of concentrating on health reporters alone, people at all levels of the news organization should be trained and sensitised on the various dimensions, especially terminology of HIV and AIDS. The infection impacts on the country’s development, economics, business and politics. Surveys have shown that with training and sensitization, media reportage on HIV and AIDS, particularly in high-prevalence states, has been relatively more balanced and accurate.
Adopt existing stylebook or guidelines on HIV and AIDS reportage
News organisations should adopt and widely disseminate existing standardised guidelines and terminology on reporting on HIV and AIDS. This will encourage responsible coverage of the issue.
APPENDIX 1
UNAIDS TERMINOLOGY GUIDELINES
http://www.unaids.org/
APPENDIX 2
CODE FOR SELF-REGULATION IN ADVERTISING BY THE ADVERTISEMENT STANDARDS COUNCIL OF INDIA (ASCI)
http://www.asci.co.in/
APPENDIX 3
HIV/AIDS AND THE LAW – A JUDICIAL COLLOQUIUM BY HUMAN RIGHTS LAW NETWORK (HRLN)
http://www.hrln.org/
Consent Form
I, _______________________________________Son/ Daughter of ________________________, am a responsible adult / Parent/legal guardian of ----------- Aged ----------- years,
agree that you…………………………………………. (name of interviewer/photographer) and your photographer/cameraman have my permission to record my statement/interview and take my photograph for print/audio visual media, on HIV and AIDS related issues.
I understand that my statement/interview will not be distorted or misused in any way wherever it is used. The photographer will also ensure that photographs do not breach my confidentiality or that of my family.
You will also ensure that statement/interview taken of --------------- (name of interviewee), who is a minor, does not reveal his/her identity in any way.
It has also been explained to me in my language (---------------------) that there could be a potential fallout of my statement that could include stigma and discrimination directed towards me, my family members, relatives and friends.
ADDRESS: ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Phone:
DATE: ___________________________________________________
SIGNATURE: ______________________________________________
AIDS and the Media – DO’S and DON’TS
DO’S
· Media must inform and educate the people, not alarm or scare them
· Be objective, factual and sensitive
· Keep abreast with changing realities of fast-evolving infection
· Use appropriate language and terminology that is non-stigmatising
· Ensure headlines are accurate and balanced
· Be responsible; give all sides of the picture, using voices of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIVs)
· Dispel misconceptions about prevention and transmission
· Debunk myths about miracle cures and unscientific claims of protection from infection
· Highlight positive stories without underplaying seriousness of the issue
· Uphold confidentiality of infected people, their families and associates
· Ensure photographs do not breach their confidentiality
· Ensure photo captions are accurate
· Ensure gender sensitive reporting and avoid stereotyping
· Obtain data from authorised sources as inaccurate reports have adverse impact on morale and increase stigma
· Journalists are responsible for ensuring interviewees understand repercussions of revelations/identification
· Ensure informed consent, in written form wherever possible
· Balance coverage of a negative story like HIV-related suicide or incidence of discrimination by including contacts of helplines/counselling centres
· Broaden reportage to examine impact of infection on economic, business, political and development issues
· When in doubt contact the local network of positive people or state aids control society or existing terminology guidelines for clarification
· Ensure questions are not deeply personal or accusatory
· Show PLHIVs in a positive light by portraying them as individuals instead of ‘victims’
DON’TS
· Don’t sensationalise the story
· Don’t make value judgements that seek to blame PLHIVs
· Don’t use terms like ‘scourge’ to describe the infection or describe PLHIVs as AIDS carrier, prostitute, drug addict, AIDS patient/victim/sufferer
· Don’t focus needlessly on how a PLHIV was infected
· Don’t identify children infected and affected by HIV and AIDS by name or through a photograph even with consent
· Don’t use hidden cameras
· Avoid alarmist reports and images of the sick and dying that convey a sense of gloom, helplessness and isolation
· Don’t use skull, crossbones, snakes or such visuals as graphics
· Avoid references to caste, gender or sexual orientation
· Don’t reinforce stereotypes about sexual minorites including those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT)
· Don’t portray infected persons as victims, culprits or objects of pity
· Don’t promote misleading advertisements related to HIV, STIs, skin diseases, tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections
· Don’t breach the confidentiality of those opting for voluntary testing
The Press Council of India under the mandate of Section 13(2)(b) of the Press Council Act, 1978 has built up a set of guidelines to facilitate the functioning of the Media. Of these, the guidelines on coverage of HIV/AIDS related matter was drawn up in the year 1993.
A writ petition no. CMP 52/2008 was filed by National Network of Positive People before Hon’ble Court of Juvenile, Thiruvananthapuram objecting to an incident relating to visual screened by the media of two children Bensy and Benson and the subsequent false reporting of the demise of Bensy, a child with HIV/AIDS. The Hon’ble Court observed that the Press Council of India should give appropriate direction to the Media while reporting HIV/AIDS by them. In pursuance of this matter the Council approached the representatives of UNAIDS and activists in the field to update the guidelines on HIV/AIDS reporting as the matter has undergone sea change since 1993. The core group held two workshops on September 18, 2008 and October 10, 2008 to discuss and debate on the guidelines formulated and proposed that these guidelines should be translated into as many languages as possible for the benefit of the journalists at various levels. These guidelines are equally relevant to print as well as electronic media.
Be Objective, Factual and Sensitive
Journalists must ensure their story is objective, factual and sensitive, more so when they are reporting on HIV and AIDS. They should seek truth and report it in a balanced manner. Journalists should hold all decision makers accountable, from government to the pharmaceutical industry and advocacy groups. They should be engaged with, but not captive to, any interest group.
This means highlighting positive stories where appropriate, without underplaying the fact that HIV and AIDS is a serious issue. Omitting key information because it doesn't fit into the story is a breach of faith. The story must give both sides of the picture. Telling the whole story also means giving it a human face. The voices of people with HIV and AIDS must be heard more strongly and they must include the vulnerable and marginalised people.
The focus should be on facts. Distortion of facts in any manner to make the story salacious and therefore `more saleable’ is unacceptable. Censorship of relevant information too is unethical.
Accuracy is critical since important personal and policy decisions may be influenced by media reports. In the context of HIV and AIDS, this means that journalists need to be very careful about the scientific and medical details as well as statistics. With the combination of drugs and treatment regimens available known as antiretroviral therapy (ART), people infected with HIV can live for many years before showing any signs of illness. ART is a combination of drugs that reduces the amount of HIV in the body (viral load) by interfering with its replication. ART does not completely destroy the virus or cure the disease. With reduced virus in the body, the immune system can become stronger and fight infection more effectively, resulting in decreased morbidity for the patient. ART has been shown to benefit both adults and children living with HIV and AIDS.
Reporting on HIV and AIDS is complex and sorting through the epidemiological data can be challenging. Whether using data to support a story or reporting on the data itself, the specific data chosen and how they are used, will play a large role in determining what kind of story is told. In addition, the data is often so complex that there is a risk of misinterpretation. For example, some reporters may use 'incidence' and prevalence' interchangeably even though they represent two different ways of measuring the epidemic. Experts/ epidemiologists should be consulted.
Ensure accurate language and terminology
When reporting on HIV and AIDS, language is extremely important. Journalists should be particularly careful to get scientific and statistical information right. They must integrate this with correct terminology. For instance, it is essential to know and make clear the difference between HIV and AIDS. Being a syndrome or a collection of symptoms, AIDS cannot itself be transmitted, nor is there an AIDS virus, nor an AIDS carrier. Similarly, a person either does or does not have AIDS. Since there are no degrees of AIDS, the expression ‘full-blown AIDS’ is meaningless.
With effective treatments now available, HIV infection does not necessarily lead to AIDS. It is important to reflect this in reportage. Since HIV is not synonymous with AIDS, ‘HIV/AIDS’ as a term is no longer considered accurate.
With AIDS not being a singular disease but a syndrome defined by a variety of diseases and cancers, a person does not ‘die of AIDS’. It would instead be accurate to report that he or she died of an HIV-related illness.
Terminology used must be appropriate and non-stigmatising. The media must cross check changes in terminology and language. Terms like ‘scourge’ to describe the infection have been discarded. Other terms like AIDS carrier, prostitute, drug addict, AIDS patient/victim/sufferer also lead to stigma and should not be used.
.
Debunk myths related to prevention of HIV and miracle cures
The press should take care not to promote myths related to prevention and transmission of HIV or to claims that advertise protection from the infection. Nor should it give any credence to traditional cures that have no scientific verification. False hopes are raised by reporting claims around cures. Researchers have been working hard for decades yet there is no known cure for HIV or AIDS although the infection is treatable with a positive impact on the quality of life. The media should include telephone numbers of HIV and AIDS helplines/counselling services.
Advertisements related to HIV, STIs, skin diseases, tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections can be potentially misleading and should be carefully checked.
Make Photographs, Illustrations and Cartoons Positive
Visuals have an immediate impact on audiences and are important to highlight stories. But the use of photographs in HIV and AIDS stories raises a lot of ethical issues. Care should be taken to ensure that photographs do not breach the confidentiality or privacy of infected people and their families.
Avoid photos that promote stereotypes related to HIV and AIDS and those that victimize the infected. Care should be taken to ensure that captions to photographs are factually correct and do not increase stigma.
Illustrations and cartoons also should avoid any negative implications
For visual media
The visual media must deal sensitively and ethically with the identities of those who have HIV and AIDS as well as their families and associates. Care must be taken during interviews, off-the-record conversations, while taking photographs and recording their stories so that identity is kept confidential.
Some pointers:
Keep the camera away from focussing directly on the face of person/case study. Instead, shoot hands, feet or back of the head
Shoot in silhouette, keeping the camera behind the subject
Since voice can also be an identifying factor, ask questions softly so that the replies are soft. In most cases, superimposition of subtitles should be used so that the audio does not need to be upped too much.
Do not show pictures of the family. These too can lead to identification of the person
Try to keep the location of the shoot ambiguous. For instance, avoid naming the village
Establish the concerned person’s journey through a third party’s voice whenever possible
An interview should be a one-to-one chat that allows the person to speak. Ensure questions are not deeply personal or accusatory. It should not put the person on the defensive
Hidden cameras should never be used
Try to show people living with HIV in a positive light by portraying them as individuals instead of ‘victims’
Wherever possible, obtain written consent
Even with permission, it may be best not to disclose the infected person’s identity. The repercussions and pressures of being revealed on TV particularly can be terrible, especially for the family. The stigma gets heightened. In many cases permission to shoot openly is given without understanding the power of the visual media.
The person may feel safe appearing on TV in Delhi, away from their community, not realizing the possibility that their family is watching the story in a village/ town far away.
For news desk including sub-editors and newsroom staff
Special attention must be paid by the news desk and newsroom staff to ensure that the eye-catching headlines reflect the issue accurately and that the story is balanced and free of damaging stereotypes.
Uphold Confidentiality and Obtain Informed Consent
Journalists should not disclose the identity of the person infected with HIV unless they have specific permission to do so. Whenever possible, they should get written consent.
If written consent is not possible, informed consent must be obtained. This means ensuring that people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIVs) are aware of the implications of their identification.
The moral and professional responsibility of the story should be that of the journalist. Therefore, the journalist must exercise caution and use his/her judgment on how PLHIVs are to be portrayed. To minimize damaging repercussions it would be best to avoid identification even when written consent is obtained. This can be done by changing names and locations in the story.
Avoid Discrimination
Journalists should avoid references to caste, gender or sexual orientation when reporting HIV and AIDS. Such references entrench existing prejudices against sexual minorities certain communities or groups already targetted, be they men who have sex with men (MSM), injecting drug users (IDUs), sex workers or migrants.
Sexual minorities includes people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT)and covers men, women and all those who do not identify either as men or women (that is, transgender). Among the transgender are hijras. Hijras are essentially biological born males who do not identify as men and prefer to identify as women.
It is important to understand that MSMs may never identify as homosexual. Therefore, the word MSM is used to denote behaviour only. So it is appropriate to say Oscar Wilde was a gay man and not Oscar was gay.
Sexual minorities are sometimes derisively referred to by terms which reinforce stereotypes about the community. Instead, it would be more appropriate to use terms like sexual minorities, gay man or lesbian. It is not necessary to call them that either as long as one does not stigmatise them.
While infomation about modes of transmission are important, instead of making value judgements the reports should try to focus on how the infection affects people, their work, their families and the gaps in policy and implementation of HIV programmes. Focussing needlessly on how a person was infected reinforces an attitude that seeks to blame those with HIV or AIDS for being infected.
Care should be taken to ensure that a particular region’s language, cultural norms and traditional practices are understood and accurately reported.
Ensure Gender Sensitive reporting
The media must guard against gender stereotyping. It must not stigmatize HIV positive women. For instance, portraying sex workers and bar girls as being responsible for spreading the infection is common. Instead, stories should explore how the infection makes women particularly vulnerable to different forms of exploitation. Stories must focus on how it is possible to live a productive and reasonably normal life with HIV, about the inherent strength that enables women to shoulder challenges and about the ethical and legal rights of sex workers.
Stories should also focus on the new technology and medication available for prevention of infection from mother to child and the fact that infected women can have children who may be free of the infection.
An example of gender sensitive reportage is the use of PPTCT (Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission) instead of PMTCT (Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission). This way the report does not hold the mother solely responsible for passing the infection.
Ensure Sensitivity on Child-Related Stories
The identity of children infected and affected by HIV should not be revealed. Nor should their photographs be shown. This include orphans and children living in orphanages, juvenile homes etc.
International and national laws specifically prohibit publication of any information or photograph that may lead to the identification of these children and violate their rights.
In India, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 lays down that no report in any newspaper, magazine or visual media regarding a juvenile in need of care and protection shall disclose the name, address, school or any other particulars that lead to their identification. It also prohibits the publication of any photograph related to the child.
Journalists must also be sensitive to the fact that a child may or may not be aware of her/his HIV status. This fact must be ascertained before the journalist gets into the process of enquiry. This is of prime importance as some questions can be perceived as intrusive or insensitive and can leave a lasting impression on the child.
Keeping that in mind, it is nevertheless important for children to participate in matters that concern them. However, their identities must be protected while sharing their views/stories.
.
The fact that paediatric doses of ART medication are now available must be widely disseminated.
Ensure balanced and responsible coverage
News organisations should take the initiative to lessen the impact of a ‘negative’ story such as suicide due to HIV-related illness by carrying statements from positive people who have faced the challenge successfully or by giving helpline numbers.
Care should be taken that stories on infected individuals are not sensationalized. The stories should avoid falling into the trap of projecting infected persons as either ‘victims’ or ‘culprits’.
When reporting on specific professional groups such as uniformed services, health professionals etc, care should be taken to obtain data from authorised sources. Inaccurate reports will have an adverse impact on their morale and will also increase stigma. Such reports will also create an impression of lack of confidentiality that will hinder voluntary testing.
Ensure regular training on HIV and AIDS for media
Journalists must keep abreast of the changing realities of this fast-evolving infection. News organizations across the country must actively encourage training workshops and modules on the issue. Journalists should also keep themselves updated on court judgements related to the issue.
HIV is no longer just a health issue. Instead of concentrating on health reporters alone, people at all levels of the news organization should be trained and sensitised on the various dimensions, especially terminology of HIV and AIDS. The infection impacts on the country’s development, economics, business and politics. Surveys have shown that with training and sensitization, media reportage on HIV and AIDS, particularly in high-prevalence states, has been relatively more balanced and accurate.
Adopt existing stylebook or guidelines on HIV and AIDS reportage
News organisations should adopt and widely disseminate existing standardised guidelines and terminology on reporting on HIV and AIDS. This will encourage responsible coverage of the issue.
APPENDIX 1
UNAIDS TERMINOLOGY GUIDELINES
http://www.unaids.org/
APPENDIX 2
CODE FOR SELF-REGULATION IN ADVERTISING BY THE ADVERTISEMENT STANDARDS COUNCIL OF INDIA (ASCI)
http://www.asci.co.in/
APPENDIX 3
HIV/AIDS AND THE LAW – A JUDICIAL COLLOQUIUM BY HUMAN RIGHTS LAW NETWORK (HRLN)
http://www.hrln.org/
Consent Form
I, _______________________________________Son/ Daughter of ________________________, am a responsible adult / Parent/legal guardian of ----------- Aged ----------- years,
agree that you…………………………………………. (name of interviewer/photographer) and your photographer/cameraman have my permission to record my statement/interview and take my photograph for print/audio visual media, on HIV and AIDS related issues.
I understand that my statement/interview will not be distorted or misused in any way wherever it is used. The photographer will also ensure that photographs do not breach my confidentiality or that of my family.
You will also ensure that statement/interview taken of --------------- (name of interviewee), who is a minor, does not reveal his/her identity in any way.
It has also been explained to me in my language (---------------------) that there could be a potential fallout of my statement that could include stigma and discrimination directed towards me, my family members, relatives and friends.
ADDRESS: ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Phone:
DATE: ___________________________________________________
SIGNATURE: ______________________________________________
AIDS and the Media – DO’S and DON’TS
DO’S
· Media must inform and educate the people, not alarm or scare them
· Be objective, factual and sensitive
· Keep abreast with changing realities of fast-evolving infection
· Use appropriate language and terminology that is non-stigmatising
· Ensure headlines are accurate and balanced
· Be responsible; give all sides of the picture, using voices of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIVs)
· Dispel misconceptions about prevention and transmission
· Debunk myths about miracle cures and unscientific claims of protection from infection
· Highlight positive stories without underplaying seriousness of the issue
· Uphold confidentiality of infected people, their families and associates
· Ensure photographs do not breach their confidentiality
· Ensure photo captions are accurate
· Ensure gender sensitive reporting and avoid stereotyping
· Obtain data from authorised sources as inaccurate reports have adverse impact on morale and increase stigma
· Journalists are responsible for ensuring interviewees understand repercussions of revelations/identification
· Ensure informed consent, in written form wherever possible
· Balance coverage of a negative story like HIV-related suicide or incidence of discrimination by including contacts of helplines/counselling centres
· Broaden reportage to examine impact of infection on economic, business, political and development issues
· When in doubt contact the local network of positive people or state aids control society or existing terminology guidelines for clarification
· Ensure questions are not deeply personal or accusatory
· Show PLHIVs in a positive light by portraying them as individuals instead of ‘victims’
DON’TS
· Don’t sensationalise the story
· Don’t make value judgements that seek to blame PLHIVs
· Don’t use terms like ‘scourge’ to describe the infection or describe PLHIVs as AIDS carrier, prostitute, drug addict, AIDS patient/victim/sufferer
· Don’t focus needlessly on how a PLHIV was infected
· Don’t identify children infected and affected by HIV and AIDS by name or through a photograph even with consent
· Don’t use hidden cameras
· Avoid alarmist reports and images of the sick and dying that convey a sense of gloom, helplessness and isolation
· Don’t use skull, crossbones, snakes or such visuals as graphics
· Avoid references to caste, gender or sexual orientation
· Don’t reinforce stereotypes about sexual minorites including those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT)
· Don’t portray infected persons as victims, culprits or objects of pity
· Don’t promote misleading advertisements related to HIV, STIs, skin diseases, tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections
· Don’t breach the confidentiality of those opting for voluntary testing
Tuesday, October 28, 2008
Airport red tape strangles HIV+ Mizo girl's last wish
MANGALORE/KOLKATA: A 22-year-old HIV-positive Mizo girl — counting her last breaths — tried desperately to reach home to see her parents, but Airoprt Red Tape strangled her last wish. Mawii died at Kolkata airport on Tuesday after being turned away by Air India officials on Monday. Mawii was being treated at Bangalore's Bowring Hospital and had taken a fit-to-fly certificate from there, said former Bangalore police commissioner and ex-MP H T Sangliana. But in Kolkata, AI officials wanted another fitness certificate when she tried to catch the connecting flight to Aizawl. "I tried to reason with the airline officials, but to no avail. I again got a medical fitness certificate and faxed it to them, but they still refused to relent," said Sangliana. Mawii was booked on a Kolkata-Aizawl Kingfisher flight on Tuesday, but died before she could board the plane. AI officials maintained that they could not bend rules laid down by the Director General of Civil Aviation. According to Sangliana, who had made Mawii's travel arrangements, she boarded a flight from Bangalore without hassle at 6 am on Monday. The connecting flight from Kolkata to Aizawl was at 11 am. But AI officials wanted a fitness certificate taken in Kolkata before she could board the flight. She went back disheartened. On Tuesday morning, Mawii returned to take a Kingfisher flight. She was sitting in the domestic lounge, when she suddenly seem-ed to fall asleep. When she could not be roused, two family members called a doctor, who declared her dead. Her body was taken to Mizoram House and is likely to be flown to Aizawl on Wednesday morning. AI officials in Kolkata said the wheelchair-bound woman was "fit" when she travelled from Bangalore to Kolkata but fell ill later on Monday morning. "Mawii had a through boarding pass and went to the security hold but fell ill. Doctors at Kolkata airport refused to issue her a fit-to-fly certificate and referred her to a nursing home. We took her to a private hospital, where she was advised to take admission. But her family refused and shifted her to Mizoram House instead," said a spokesperson. He also claimed that Mawii possessed only a paper that stated "she is ill and be kindly permitted to fly". "It was not a valid certificate as the doctor's registration number was not mentioned. If she had to fly, a doctor should have accompanied her. We acted as per DGCA norms." A Kingfisher Airlines official in Kolkata said Mawii's relatives had not declared that she was a patient. "If we had found her unwell during boarding, we would have demanded a fit-to-fly certificate as well," he said. A furious Sangliana lashed out at the airline officials, saying it was "inhuman not to grant a person her last wish". "Now, the body has to be embalmed and sent to her parents, the cost of which they cannot afford. All these inconveniences could have been avoided if the officials had shown a little understanding," he said.
Sunday, October 19, 2008
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This is an open forum for the journalists, by the journalists and by the jouranlists.
We welcome all participations from all over the globe for uncensored reportings.
Welcoming you,
Jasvinder Sehgal
Moderator (J2J)
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